Table 1. Comparative composition of milk across different mammalian species

Component (g/100 g)	Human	Bovine	Caprine	Ovine	Equine	Camelid
Major components
Water	87.1	87.3	87.0	82.1	89.0	87.7
Total solids	12.9	12.7	13.0	17.9	11.0	12.3
Fat	3.8	3.7	4.1	6.4	1.6	3.8
Total protein	1.0	3.4	3.4	5.6	2.2	3.5
Lactose	7.0	4.8	4.7	4.6	6.2	4.4
Protein fractions
Casein	0.4	2.8	2.7	4.6	1.3	2.7
Whey protein	0.6	0.6	0.7	1.0	0.9	0.8
Casein:whey ratio	40:60	82:18	80:20	82:18	60:40	77:23
Minerals
Calcium	0.034	0.122	0.134	0.193	0.095	0.120
Phosphorus	0.014	0.095	0.105	0.145	0.058	0.090
Carbohydrates
Oligosaccharides (g/L)	5–15	0.03–0.06	0.25–0.30	0.02–0.04	0.5–1.0	0.2–0.4
Other
Energy (kcal/100 g)	70	69	72	100	49	70