Table 4. Properties of microbially derived biomaterials for manufacturing scaffolds

Biomaterial	Source	Strength	Limitation	Reference
Bacterial cellulose	Gluconacetobacter	Superior mechanical stability, thermostability, crystallinity, purity, surface area, permeability, porosity, water holding capacity, biodegradability	Low nutritional value due to their indigestible properties	Choi and Shin (2020);Khan et al. (2022);Tang et al. (2024);Torgbo and Sukyai (2018);Wang et al. (2024b)
Gellan	Sphingomonas elodea	Gel formation through cation-mediated helical bonding, low water resistance	Low cell attachment due to the bioinert properties	Alharbi et al. (2024);Chen et al. (2023b);Ferris et al. (2013);İncili et al. (2025);Koivisto et al. (2019);Moxon and Smith (2016)