| Carrageenan | Red seaweed | Gel formation, resembles glycosaminoglycans, provides thickening and emulsifying properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-immunogenicity, non-toxicity | High moisture content, low mechanical stability | Ãlvarez-Viñas et al. (2024);Khrunyk et al. (2020);Marques et al. (2022);Rhein-Knudsen et al. (2015);Zhang et al. (2019) |
| Alginate | Brown seaweed | Gel formation through interaction with cations | Lack of cellular attachment sites | de Laia et al. (2014);Lee et al. (2024a);Wang et al. (2024c) |
| Agarose | Red seaweed | Firm and porous gel formation, resembles ECM, support cell growth, high water holding capacity | Lack of cell-binding domains | Garakani et al. (2020);Hong et al. (2024a);Samrot et al. (2023);Sánchez-Salcedo et al. (2008);Zarrintaj et al. (2018) |