| Polysaccharide | Cellulose | Biocompatibility, non-toxic, eco-friendliness, supports cell proliferation and differentiation | Non-specific protein adsorption, limiting cell adhesion | Courtenay et al. (2017);Klemm et al. (2005);Siró and Plackett (2010) |
| Starch | Biodegradability, high availability, low cost, non-toxic | Low mechanical strength, high hydrophilicity | Apriyanto et al. (2022);Buléon et al. (1998);Torres et al. (2013) |
| Glucomannan | Excellent gelling and water-holding properties | Lack of hydrophobicity and viscosity, low thermal stability and mechanical strength | Ran and Yang (2022);Ran et al. (2022);Ye et al. (2021);Zhuang et al. (2024) |
| Protein | Soy protein | High nutritional value, food safety, low cost | Low mechanical properties, insufficient water-resistance | Chien and Shah (2012);Milani and Tirgarian (2020);Mohammadian and Madadlou (2018);Sui et al. (2021);Tian et al. (2018) |
| Pea protein | High nutritional content, low allergenicity, availability, affordability, low cost | Low solubility, high denaturation temperature | Başyiğit et al. (2024);Estevinho and Rocha (2018);Li et al. (2020);Shanthakumar et al. (2022);Stone et al. (2015) |
| Zein | Biocompatibility, biodegradability, amphiphilicity, self-assembly | Hydrophobicity and deficiency of essential amino acids | Falsafi et al. (2023);Giteru et al. (2021);Wang et al. (2022);Zhang et al. (2023) |
| Glutenin | High nutritional value, low cost, biocompatibility | Limited processability, low solubility | Xu et al. (2014);Yao et al. (2024) |
| Decellularized plant-derived materials | Parsley | Supports cell proliferation and differentiation, provides a vascular system for supplying oxygen and nutrients, low cost, edibility | Different structural and functional properties dependent on the type of plant | Chen et al. (2024b);Contessi Negrini et al. (2020);Jones et al. (2023);Murugan et al. (2024);Thyden et al. (2022) |
| Apple |
| Banana leaf |
| Spinach |
| Celery |
| Mushroom |