| Polysaccharide | Chitosan | Food-grade biomaterials, contain cross-linking functional groups, resemble glycosaminoglycans, provide a microenvironment for cell adhesion and proliferation | Weak mechanical properties, low structure integrity | Chen et al. (2010);Cooper et al. (2010);Li et al. (2022b);Ul-Islam et al. (2024);Wu et al. (2024);Zernov et al. (2022) |
| Protein | Collagen | Contain Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif, repetitive receptor-recognition motifs, promote cell adhesion and cell interaction, high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, biodegradability, edible | High cost, low mechanical strength | Chen et al. (2024a);Davidenko et al. (2015);Li et al. (2022b);Wang et al. (2024d);Zernov et al. (2022) |
| Gelatin | Contain RGD sequences, support cell adhesion and growth, safety, biocompatible, biodegradable, mechanical support, contain intrinsic integrin-binding domains | Low melting point, low shape stability, poor mechanical strength, low elasticity | Chen et al. (2023b);Kong et al. (2022);Li et al. (2022a);Rao et al. (2023);Xing et al. (2014) |
| Fibrin | Contain As, Bβ, and γ peptide chains, biocompatibility, bind proteins and growth factors | High production cost, weak mechanical properties | Contessi Negrini et al. (2020);Haugh et al. (2012);Rojas-Murillo et al. (2022);Tan et al. (2021) |