Table 4. Analysis of the free amino acid in longissimus lumborum among cattle groups

Free amino acid (%)	JBC	Hanwoo	KBC	LS
1-Methyl-L-histidine	-	-	-	-
3-Methyl-L-histidine	-	-	-	-
Alanine	6.49±0.36ab	7.15±1.33a	5.14±1.19b	*
Arginine	7.38±2.83b	4.68±1.92b	24.05±12.87a	*
Asparagine	-	-	2.01±0.19	-
Aspartic acid	-	1.19±0.1	-	-
Carnosine	-	2.63±1.12	-	-
Cystine	-	-	-	-
Glutamic acid	7.18±1.13a	6.93±2.51a	3.14±2.06b	*
Glycine	1.51±0.26a	1.65±0.41a	0.8±0.4b	*
Histidine	1.47±1.09	0.92±0.04	0.63±0.1	NS
Hydroxy-proline	-	-	-	-
Lysine	1.59±0.75	1.33±0.67	-	NS
Methionine	0.77±0.57	1.34±0.3	1.28±0.55	NS
O-Phosphoethanolamine	8.71±4.48	5.6±0.39	5.99±2.45	NS
Ornithine	-	1.27±0.03	0.67±0.43	NS
Phenylalanine	2.98±1.1a	2.85±0.66a	1.08±0.45b	**
Phospho-L-serine	0.54±0.4	2.82±4.07	-	NS
Proline	-	0.95±0.22	-	-
Serine	0.68±0.09b	1.77±0.2a	0.72±0.25b	***
Threonine	0.60±0.15b	1.18±0.02a	0.93±0.12ab	*
Tryptophan	54.47±5.33	50.52±3.32	47.85±9.25	NS
Tyrosine	1.94±0.44	2.33±0.54	1.47±0.52	NS
Urea	0.66±0.47	-	0.38±0.12	NS
Valine	0.81±0.53	1.51±0.22	0.86±0.17	NS
Citrulline	-	-	-	-
Isoleucine	1.95±0.65	1.77±0.23	1.2±0.25	NS
α-Amino-n-butyric acid	-	-	-	-
α-Aminoadipic acid	-	-	-	-
β-Aminoisobutyric acid	1.75±1.02	-	-	-
γ-Amino-n-butyric acid	1.75±1.31	1.15±0.12	0.68±0.25	NS
Leucine	3.91±1.56	2.84±1.23	2.32±0.38	NS
Taurine	-	-	-	-
β-Alanine	-	-	-	-

Mean±SD.
- When observations are not available, or a statistical mean cannot be determined.
Means with different superscripts in the same row significantly differ.
p<0.05;
p<0.01;
p<0.001.
JBC, Jeju black cattle; KBC, Korean black cattle; LS, level of significance; NS, not significant.