Table 3. Positive impact of probiotic treatment on bone health (animal studies)

Probiotic strains Animal model Effects on bone health References
Akkermansia muciniphila Female mice (ovariectomy, OVX) ↑ Osteocalcin (OCN)↑ Bone formation rate per bone surface (BFR/BS)↑ Mineral apposition rate (MAR)↓ C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX-I)↓ Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity Liu et al. (2021)
Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707 Wistar rat ↑ Tibial calcium, phosphorus, magnesium content Rodrigues et al. (2012)
Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 6475 Male mice ↑ Trabecular bone parameters↑ Osteoblast serum markers and dynamic measures of bone formation McCabe et al. (2013)
Lactobacillus casei 393-fermented milk Female Sprague-Dawlry rats (OVX) ↑ Bone mineral density (BMD)↑ Fracture strength ↑ Ca content Kim et al. (2009)
Lactobacillus helveticus-fermented milk Spontaneously hypertensive male rats ↑ BMD↑ Bone mineral content Narva et al. (2004a)
Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 Male Sprague-Dawlry rat ↑ Ca and Mg retention Kruger et al. (2009)
L. rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 C57BL6/J Mic ↑ Trabecular bone microarchitecture, cortical bone volume and biomechanical properties Liu et al. (2019)
Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus plantarum Female mice (OVX) ↑ BMD and the microstructure of femoral bone Chiang and Pan (2011)
L. casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus Wistar rat ↓ Bone damage Amdekar et al. (2012)
Lacticaseibacillus paracasei DSM13434, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSM 15312 Female mice ↑ Trabecular thickness in the proximal metaphyseal region of tibia Ohlsson et al. (2021)