Table 1. Various positive effects of PEVs on health

Species	Models	Biological effects	References
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Q7	C57BL/6J mice	Regulation of intestinal microbiota	Hao et al. (2021)
Lacticaseibacillus paracasei PC-H1	HCR116 cellsSW1116 cellsSW620 cells	Inhibition of colorectal cancer cell	Shi et al. (2022)
L. paracasei	RAW 264.7 cellsHT-29 cellsMale C57BL/6J mice	Anti-inflammatory effect	Choi et al. (2020)
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG	HepG2 cells	Anti-proliferative effect	Behzadi et al. (2017)
L. rhamnosus JB-1	HT-29 cellsMODE-K cells	Immunoregulatory activity	Champagne-Jorgensen et al. (2021)
Limosilactobacillus reuteri BBC3	HT11 cells	Anti-inflammatory propertiesImmunomodulatory effect	Hu et al. (2021)
Latilactobacillus sakei NBRC 15893	PP and BMDCs from Balb/c mice	Immunomodulatory effect	Miyoshi et al. (2021)
Bifidobacterium longum KACC 91563	LP cells, T cells, B cellsBalb/c wild-type mice	Novel treatment option for allergic diseases	Kim et al. (2016)

PEVs, probiotics-derived extracellular vesicles.