Table 8. Changes in pH, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), and total microbial counts (TMC) of Tteokgalbi prepared with different levels of Cissus powder during storage at 4°C for 11 days

Variable	Storage days	Treatments¹⁾
Variable	Storage days	NC	PC	C1	C2	C3
pH	0	6.13±0.02^aA	5.98±0.04^dA	6.03±0.02^bcA	6.03±0.01^bA	5.99±0.01^cdA
	5	6.04±0.04^aB	5.89±0.01^dB	5.99±0.01^bB	5.97±0.01^bcB	5.95±0.01^cB
	7	5.25±0.01^bC	5.08±0.01^cC	5.10±0.01^cC	5.24±0.01^aC	5.65±0.02^aC
	11	4.87±0.02^cD	4.83±0.01^dD	4.87±0.02^cD	4.96±0.00^bD	5.14±0.01^aD
TBARS (mg malonaldehyde/kg)	0	0.03±0.02^D	0.02±0.03^D	0.02±0.02^D	0.01±0.03^D	0.02±0.04^D
	5	0.41±0.03^dC	0.38±0.04^dC	0.45±0.00^cC	0.59±0.01^bC	0.71±0.02^aC
	7	0.77±0.02^dB	0.73±0.05^dB	0.60±0.01^cB	0.72±0.01^bB	0.92±0.02^aB
	11	1.61±0.11^cA	1.44±0.07^cA	1.48±0.03^bcA	1.57±0.10^bA	1.81±0.09^aA
VBN (mg/100 g)	0	10.20±0.32^D	10.09±0.65^D	9.99±1.80^C	8.84±2.27^C	9.39±1.41^C
	5	13.79±0.84^aC	14.34±1.12^aBC	14.71±0.96^aB	10.38±0.65^bC	10.03±0.32^bC
	7	16.40±1.62^B	15.70±0.65^B	14.50±1.62^B	14.71±1.61^B	13.94±0.56^B
	11	26.24±0.97^aA	24.15±1.40^bA	26.06±0.64^aA	26.37±0.32^aA	26.24±0.56^aA
TMC (Log CFU/mL)	0	4.36±0.20^C	4.31±0.18^CB	4.14±0.13^DB	4.42±0.24^C	4.24±0.12^D
	5	4.53±0.07^aC	4.27±0.06^cC	4.56±0.11^aC	4.46±0.13^abC	4.45±0.07^abC
	7	6.41±0.03^aB	5.91±0.03^cB	6.59±0.15^aB	5.99±0.06^cB	6.01±0.08^bB
	11	8.59±0.24^aA	8.47±0.21^aA	8.43±0.23^aA	8.32±0.22^bA	8.38±0.12^bA

Values are expressed as means±SD (n=3).
NC, Tteokgalbi without Cissus quadrangularis powder (C); PC, Tteokgalbi treated with 0.10% ascorbic acid as a positive reference; C1, Tteokgalbi treated with 1.00% C; C2, Tteokgalbi treated with 2.00% C; C3, Tteokgalbi treated with 4.00% C.
Values with different letters within the same column differ significantly by Tukey’s multiple range test (p<0.05).
Values with different letters within the same row differ significantly by Tukey’s multiple range test (p<0.05).