| General population health | Decrease Streptococcus abundance in the gut | Hansen et al., 2023 |
| Enhance indicators of satiety and glycemic control |
| Positive relationship of GMP+galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) feeding with increased mRNA transcript levels for claudin-1, claudin-2, occludin, mucin-4, and mucin-13 | Wu et al., 2020 |
| Changes in the microbiome were positively correlated with antidiabetic effects after feeding GMP hydrolysates | Yuan et al., 2020 |
| Maternal GMP+GOS supplementation improved litter characteristics in piglet (number of live and healthy piglets, total litter weight, and average birth weight of live piglets) | Wu et al., 2020 |
| Maternal GMP+GOS supplementation increased immunoglobulins (IgA, IGF-1, IgG, IgM) in neonatal piglets |
| Microbiome – Dysbiosis | Increased Lactobacillus, stable Bifidobacterium, decreased Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Escherichia coli in human fecal cultures | Brück et al., 2003 |
| Improved microbial diversity in an artificial colon model for elderly people: Increased growth of Coprococcus, Clostridium cluster XIVb, Roseburia; decreased Dorea | Ntemiri et al., 2017 |
| Reduced Helicobacteraceae; increased Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroidales_S24-7_group in mice with type-2 diabetes | Yuan et al., 2020 |