Table 6. Volatile organic compounds of dairy beef round subjected to various cooking methods

VOC (A.U.×10⁶)	m/z	LRI	Raw	BO	MW	SV	SEM
Acids
Hexanoic acid	60	996	0.00^b	2.00^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.036
Guanidineacetic acid	43	1068	0.00^b	0.65^a	0.00^b	0.65^a	0.015
Heptanoic acid	60	1090	0.02^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.001
Octanoic acid	60	1180	0.10^c	0.32^a	0.20^b	0.17^b	0.011
Nonanoic acid	73	1275	0.06^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.006
n-Decanoic acid	73	1369	0.01^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.001
n-Hexadecanoic acid	73	1963	0.10^b	0.86^a	0.19^b	0.15^b	0.074
Subtotal			0.30^c	3.84^a	0.39^c	0.97^b	0.120
Alcohols
(S)-(+)-3-Methyl-1-pentanol	56	790	0.24^c	1.54^b	1.53^b	2.69^a	0.056
n-Tridecan-1-ol	57	1577	0.00^c	0.12^a	0.11^a	0.06^b	0.006
Cyclododecanol	57	1585	0.00^c	0.08^a	0.07^a	0.03^b	0.004
(R)-(–)-14-Methyl-8-hexadecyn-1-ol	55	1898	0.00^c	0.04^a	0.03^b	0.00^c	0.002
Benzyl alcohol	79	1039	0.00^c	0.02^b	0.00^c	0.03^a	0.001
2-Nonen-1-ol, (E)-	57	1174	0.00^b	0.07^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.003
7-Octen-2-ol	43	957	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.20^a	0.008
Cyclohexanol, 2,4-dimethyl-	55	1038	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.07^a	0.003
2-Ethylhexanal ethylene glycol acetal	73	1166	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	14.13^a	0.461
1-Heptanol	70	965	0.13^c	3.88^b	3.23^b	4.60^a	0.152
1-Octen-3-ol	57	975	2.51^c	29.92^b	31.88^b	36.81^a	0.784
1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl-	57	1036	0.15^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.002
1-Hexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-	57	1066	0.08^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.011
2-Octen-1-ol, (E)-	57	1078	0.17^c	2.58^b	2.43^b	4.24^a	0.050
1-Octanol	56	1081	0.25^c	4.86^a	3.91^b	5.00^a	0.104
p-Cresol	107	1088	0.04^b	0.00^c	0.00^c	0.05^a	0.001
1-Nonanol	56	1176	0.01^c	0.09^a	0.07^b	0.09^a	0.002
1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7-Octamethyl-7-(2-methylpropoxy)tetrasiloxan-1-ol	281	1242	0.18^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.007
1-Undecanol	55	1376	0.01^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.001
1-Dodecanol	55	1477	0.02^c	0.06^a	0.00^d	0.03^b	0.003
1-Nonen-4-ol	55	1104	0.00^c	0.53^b	0.45^b	0.68^a	0.029
Subtotal			3.79^c	43.79^b	43.71^b	68.69^a	1.051
Aldehydes
4-Decenal, (E)-	84	1195	0.00^b	0.46^a	0.47^a	0.38^a	0.020
2,4-Nonadienal, (E,E)-	81	1215	0.00^d	0.31^b	0.19^c	0.63^a	0.012
2,4-Decadienal, (E,E)-	81	1321	0.00^d	0.67^b	0.39^c	1.65^a	0.036
2-Octenal, 2-butyl-	71	1376	0.00^c	0.16^a	0.15^a	0.06^b	0.010
Benzaldehyde, 4-pentyl-	120	1464	0.00^c	0.23^a	0.21^a	0.11^b	0.016
13-Methyltetradecanal	57	1680	0.00^c	0.00^c	0.07^a	0.04^b	0.002
Hexanal, 5-methyl-	70	851	0.14^b	14.05^a	13.48^a	14.01^a	0.566
Heptadecanal	82	1922	0.00^d	0.15^a	0.10^b	0.05^c	0.008
2,4-Heptadienal, (E,E)-	81	1013	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.13^a	0.001
2,4-Decadienal, (E,Z)-	81	1298	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.47^a	0.006
2,6-Dodecadien-1-al	69	1450	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.03^a	0.000
Octanal	43	1003	0.13^b	12.99^a	12.88^a	10.82^a	0.570
Benzeneacetaldehyde	91	1048	0.14^c	0.46^b	0.40^b	2.21^a	0.028
Nonanal	57	1113	0.68^c	31.28^a	31.25^a	25.88^b	0.737
Decanal	57	1207	0.03^c	0.84^a	0.79^a	0.53^b	0.022
2-Decenal, (E)-	70	1266	0.01^d	1.42^b	0.80^c	1.86^a	0.023
Undecanal	57	1312	0.01^c	0.26^a	0.24^a	0.16^b	0.009
Phthalic anhydride	104	1318	0.01^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.000
2-Undecenal	57	1366	0.01^d	1.27^b	0.72^c	1.44^a	0.031
Dodecanal	57	1410	0.01^c	0.46^a	0.40^a	0.24^b	0.025
Tridecanal	57	1514	0.03^c	1.16^a	1.15^a	0.53^b	0.058
Tetradecanal	57	1614	0.04^c	1.34^a	1.18^a	0.53^b	0.076
Pentadecanal-	57	1718	0.05^c	2.06^a	1.68^a	0.80^b	0.106
Hexadecanal	82	1818	0.31^b	2.24^a	1.93^a	2.09^a	0.083
13-Octadecenal, (Z)-	55	1997	0.01^b	0.03^a	0.02^ab	0.02^ab	0.003
Octadecanal	82	2022	0.03^b	0.12^a	0.11^a	0.10^a	0.008
5-Ethylcyclopent-1-enecarboxaldehyde	67	1033	0.00^d	0.42^b	0.35^c	0.70^a	0.007
Benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy-	122	1045	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.04^a	0.00^b	0.000
2-Octenal, (E)-	70	1065	0.00^d	1.41^b	1.01^c	2.24^a	0.029
4-Nonenal, (E)-	55	1106	0.00^b	0.24^a	0.21^a	0.24^a	0.012
2-Nonenal, (E)-	70	1165	0.00^d	1.01^b	0.64^c	1.76^a	0.021
Subtotal			1.64^b	75.01^a	70.84^a	69.71^a	1.660
Esters
Vinyl caprylate	57	1187	0.00^c	0.33^a	0.32^a	0.21^b	0.018
n-Caproic acid vinyl ester	43	983	1.06^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.086
Benzoyl isothiocyanate	77	1024	0.03^c	8.49^b	10.73^a	10.92^a	0.280
Butyl isocyanatoacetate	41	601	0.02^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.002
Methyl salicylate	120	1194	0.43^b	1.59^a	1.34^a	1.67^a	0.195
Dibutyl phthalate	149	1966	0.05^b	0.11^a	0.05^b	0.06^b	0.007
Formic acid, hexyl ester	56	900	0.00^c	0.10^b	0.15^a	0.10^b	0.007
Arsenous acid, tris(trimethylsilyl) ester	207	713	11.32^a	10.27^a	11.21^a	10.37^a	0.390
Formic acid, heptyl ester	70	1035	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.29^a	0.00^b	0.013
Subtotal			12.91^c	20.88^b	24.10^a	23.33^a	0.326
Hydrocarbons
Hexane, 3-ethyl-	43	773	0.05^b	0.00^b	0.35^a	0.00^b	0.024
Undecane, 2-methyl-	57	1169	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.06^a	0.00^b	0.004
Undecane, 3-methyl-	57	1174	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.09^a	0.00^b	0.003
1,3,5-Undecatriene	79	1185	0.00^c	0.16^a	0.17^a	0.08^b	0.015
Pyridine, 2-butyl-	93	1198	0.00^b	0.15^a	0.15^a	0.15^a	0.006
(2Z,4Z,6E)-2,4,6-Undecatriene	79	1234	0.00^b	0.02^a	0.03^a	0.00^b	0.002
1-Tridecyne	57	1282	0.00^b	0.06^a	0.06^a	0.00^b	0.002
Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 1-methoxy-4-methyl-	84	1346	0.00^c	0.26^a	0.16^b	0.26^a	0.015
Hexathiane	64	1495	0.00^c	0.06^a	0.06^a	0.05^b	0.001
n-Hexane	56	601	0.00^b	0.10^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.002
1-Octadecyne	57	1789	0.00^b	0.05^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.002
Methane, isocyanato-	57	962	0.02^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.001
1,3-Hexadien-5-yne	78	600	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.16^a	0.007
Benzene, 1-ethyl-2-methyl-	105	968	0.02^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.001
Benzene, 1,2,4-trimethyl-	105	986	0.08^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.003
Decane	57	999	0.16^b	1.14^a	1.49^a	1.12^a	0.126
Benzene, 1,2,3-trimethyl-	105	1020	0.03^c	0.07^b	0.12^a	0.02^c	0.007
Nonane, 2,5-dimethyl-	57	1023	0.01^d	0.10^b	0.19^a	0.08^c	0.004
Nonane, 2,6-dimethyl-	57	1027	0.06^c	0.18^b	0.31^a	0.15^b	0.014
Indane	117	1034	0.03^c	0.05^b	0.08^a	0.01^d	0.004
Methane, dichloronitro-	83	589	0.07^b	0.00^d	0.10^a	0.02^c	0.003
Benzene, 1-methyl-2-propyl-	105	1056	0.04^c	0.15^b	0.29^a	0.00^c	0.013
Octane, 2,3,6-trimethyl-	57	1071	0.02^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.003
Undecane	57	1109	0.05^c	0.20^b	0.30^a	0.11^bc	0.020
Decane, 2,4-dimethyl-	71	1117	0.01^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.000
1H-Indene, 2,3-dihydro-4-methyl-	117	1152	0.02^c	0.06^b	0.10^a	0.00^c	0.004
Tris(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)arsane	207	1177	0.13^a	0.18^a	0.00^b	0.19^a	0.016
Naphthalene	128	1182	0.03^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.02^a	0.002
Dodecane	57	1200	0.22^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.83^a	0.058
Benzene, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-	175	1258	0.15^b	0.49^a	0.42^a	0.38^a	0.048
Dodecane, 2,6,11-trimethyl-	71	1285	0.02^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.000
Tridecane	57	1305	0.14^d	0.86^b	1.25^a	0.64^c	0.035
Tetradecane	57	1400	0.16^c	0.88^a	0.99^a	0.48^b	0.024
4-Pyridinecarboxamide	122	1404	0.03^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.002
Pentadecane	57	1503	0.09^d	0.31^b	0.42^a	0.21^c	0.017
Hexadecane	71	1600	0.11^b	0.19^a	0.22^a	0.11^b	0.013
Heptane, 4-azido-	57	650	0.05^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.002
Heptadecane	57	1703	0.03^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.002
Oxetane, 3-(1-methylethyl)-	42	654	0.52^d	4.45^b	3.52^c	6.61^a	0.136
1-Pentene, 2-methyl-	56	591	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.08^a	0.00^b	0.003
Butane, 2-azido-2,3,3-trimethyl-	57	649	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.12^a	0.00^b	0.006
Cyclopentane, 1,1-dimethyl-	70	672	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.07^a	0.00^b	0.007
2,3-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene	54	712	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.15^a	0.00^b	0.002
2-Methyl-1-hepten-3-yne	79	804	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.03^a	0.00^b	0.001
Nonane, 2-methyl-	57	952	0.00^c	0.09^b	0.18^a	0.00^c	0.019
Benzene, 1-ethyl-4-methyl-	105	968	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.08^a	0.00^b	0.003
Cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl-	281	1009	0.00^c	21.59^b	32.70^a	22.05^b	1.871
Benzene, n-butyl-	91	1061	0.00^c	0.09^b	0.16^a	0.00^c	0.007
Benzene, 1,2,4,5-tetramethyl-	119	1126	0.00^c	0.08^a	0.09^a	0.04^b	0.008
1-Octene, 3,3-dimethyl-	56	1138	0.00^c	0.15^a	0.18^a	0.09^b	0.008
Subtotal			2.35^c	32.19^b	44.78^a	33.87^b	2.097
Ketones
5,9-Undecadien-2-one, 6,10-dimethyl-, (E)-	43	1456	0.00^b	0.09^a	0.06^a	0.06^a	0.008
2-Octanone	58	990	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.15^a	0.001
3-Octen-2-one	55	1046	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.11^a	0.001
2-n-Butyl-2-cyclopentenone	67	1131	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.09^a	0.001
Furan, 2-peyl-	81	988	0.14^d	11.51^b	14.26^a	8.10^c	0.508
2,3-Butanedione	43	609	0.34^b	0.10^c	0.07^c	0.92^a	0.051
2-Butanone	43	585	0.00^c	2.27^ab	2.70^a	0.95^bc	0.314
Subtotal			0.52^d	13.96^b	17.10^a	10.38^c	0.588
Others
Cyclic octaatomic sulfur	64	2030	0.00^c	0.23^b	0.42^a	0.24^b	0.031
Borane-methyl sulfide complex	62	576	0.28^a	0.00^c	0.16^b	0.00^c	0.006
Silicon tetrafluoride	85	1061	0.00^b	0.07^a	0.00^b	0.08^a	0.003
Formamide, N,N-dibutyl-	72	1308	0.04^b	0.06^ab	0.07^a	0.05^ab	0.005
sec-Butylamine	44	612	0.08^c	12.99^a	12.35^a	10.45^b	0.385
1H-Indole, 2-methyl-	130	1388	0.01^a	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.000
Dimethylphosphinic fluoride	81	613	0.00^b	0.00^b	0.12^a	0.00^b	0.002
Subtotal			0.41^c	13.35^a	13.12^a	10.82^b	0.396
Total			21.90^b	203.03^a	214.05^a	217.77^a	5.025

Means within a row with different superscript differ significantly at p<0.05.
VOC, volatile organic compounds; m/z, quantitative ion; LRI, linear retention index; BO, cooked by boiling; MW, cooked by microwave; SV, cooked by sous-vide.