Table 5. Milk amino acids determined in research groups
Amino acids (μmol/L) | Diets | F-value | p-value |
CON | PIS | POM | OP |
Alanine | 60.93±7.41b | 30.93±3.88b | 30.25±3.60a | 59.26±8.98a | 7.10 | 0.001 |
Arginine | 74.43±8.63a | 39.13±4.77b | 41.33±4.25b | 56.02±5.99ab | 7.02 | 0.001 |
Asparagine | 6.32±1.15b | 6.02±1.08b | 12.52±2.30ab | 13.38±2.06a | 5.14 | 0.005 |
Aspartic acid | 11.95±2.30a | 7.09±1.75ab | 4.64±0.67b | 10.70±2.34ab | 3.13 | 0.037 |
Citrulline | 10.18±1.66a | 3.49±0.48b | 3.73±0.62b | 6.12±1.21ab | 7.88 | 0.000 |
Glutamine | 11.26±1.40a | 2.83±0.45b | 4.22±0.50b | 3.91±0.59b | 21.27 | 0.000 |
Glutamic acid | 150.07±18.85a | 71.69±10.37b | 76.65±11.02b | 115.19±16.45ab | 6.29 | 0.002 |
Glycine | 72.43±9.71a | 37.49±5.85b | 32.40±1.84b | 49.07±6.55ab | 7.25 | 0.001 |
Histidine | 17.83±3.25a | 7.54±0.82b | 7.76±1.15b | 19.29±3.67a | 6.14 | 0.002 |
Leucine | 80.28±16.20a | 46.37±8.75ab | 39.10±5.80b | 60.48±9.35ab | 2.85 | 0.051 |
İsoleucine | 53.22±9.74 | 31.09±6.61 | 35.79±6.97 | 49.95±9.06 | 1.71 | 0.182 |
Alloisoleucine | 0.24±0.04 | 0.19±0.03 | 0.27±0.06 | 0.26±0.04 | 0.46 | 0.708 |
Lysine | 156.73±22.39 | 114.73±24.72 | 159.54±29.04 | 154.98±24.32 | 0.70 | 0.553 |
Methionine | 24.11±4.69 | 18.14±4.94 | 21.71±5.38 | 27.87±5.21 | 0.65 | 0.587 |
Ornithine | 14.31±2.65a | 5.91±0.80b | 5.85±0.90b | 4.93±0.75b | 8.48 | 0.000 |
Phenylalanine | 38.52±7.19 | 21.07±5.11 | 19.29±4.43 | 33.99±6.51 | 2.57 | 0.069 |
Proline | 53.36±13.55 | 24.93±4.40 | 40.87±8.21 | 47.75±11.34 | 1.51 | 0.227 |
Serine | 21.09±3.33 | 16.73±1.07 | 14.86±1.83 | 16.61±2.51 | 1.28 | 0.296 |
Threonine | 19.06±3.56 | 15.95±1.51 | 23.02±5.21 | 20.89±3.56 | 0.65 | 0.586 |
Tryptophan | 7.72±1.49 | 5.61±1.31 | 3.51±0.58 | 7.28±1.25 | 2.47 | 0.077 |
Tyrosine | 35.53±6.54 | 22.82±4.33 | 21.90±3.26 | 29.75±4.79 | 1.71 | 0.181 |
Valine | 121.01±19.87 | 115.40±15.71 | 86.71±7.61 | 10.604±10.19 | 1.12 | 0.353 |
Alphaaminoadipic acid | 5.06±1.18a | 2.59±1.02ab | 2.38±0.32ab | 1.13±0.16b | 4.20 | 0.012 |
Alphaaminopimelic acid | 0.62±0.03 | 0.70±0.02 | 0.58±0.07 | 0.69±0.02 | 1.55 | 0.217 |
Argininosuccinic acid | 5.10±0.96b | 9.35±1.40a | 5.25±0.70b | 3.58±0.25b | 7.07 | 0.001 |
Alphaaminobutyric acid | 0.87±0.18a | 0.22±0.05b | 0.45±0.11ab | 0.45±0.09ab | 5.09 | 0.005 |
Betaaminoisobutyric acid | 2.70±0.61a | 1.27±0.25ab | 0.98±0.12b | 1.69±0.37ab | 3.74 | 0.019 |
Gammaaminobutyric acid | 0.09±0.02b | 0.20±0.05ab | 0.38±0.10ab | 0.22±0.03ab | 3.48 | 0.025 |
Beta-Alanine | 0.03±0.00b | 1.79±0.34a | 1.74±0.41a | 0.02±0.00b | 13.97 | 0.000 |
Sarcosine | 0.48±0.05b | 3.09±0.74a | 0.42±0.08b | 0.32±0.03b | 12.71 | 0.000 |
Cystathionine | 0.08±0.01a | 0.04±0.01ab | 0.03±0.00b | 0.04±0.01ab | 3.22 | 0.034 |
Thiaproline | 0.01±0.00 | 0.01±0.00 | 0.02±0.01 | 0.02±0.01 | 1.03 | 0.387 |
Hydroxylysine | 0.13±0.02a | 0.36±0.09b | 0.13±0.06b | 0.08±0.01b | 4.44 | 0.009 |
Hydroxyproline | 2.67±0.32 | 3.27±0.53 | 2.90±0.57 | 4.45±0.97 | 1.49 | 0.233 |
Cystine | 2.94±0.58a | 1.75±0.12b | 0.05±0.03c | 0.49±0.10c | 18.58 | 0.000 |
Histamine | 0.01±0.00 | 0.01±0.00 | 0.01±0.00 | 0.01±0.00 | 0.11 | 0.948 |
5-OH-Tryptophan | 0.25±0.07 | 0.09±0.02 | 0.07±0.02 | 0.15±0.04 | 2.72 | 0.059 |
Taurine | 47.71±12.53ab | 31.55±1.38b | 80.68±17.29a | 93.45±11.48a | 5.56 | 0.003 |
The difference between the averages shown with different letters in the same row is significant.
CON, control; PIS, pistachio shell; POM, pomegranate hull; OP, olive pulp; F, Fisher’s exact test value; p, statistical significance level.