Table 2 Listeria monocytogenes cell counts (Log CFU/cm2; mean±SD), recovered from raw beef surface with antimicrobial hydrogel 1 formulated with no antimicrobial, 0.1% grapefruit seed extract (GSE) or 0.1% citrus extract (CE)
Attachment time (min) | Control | Hydrogel 1 (5% alginate+1% chitosan+0.2% CaCl2+40% glycerol) |
No antimicrobial | 0.1% GSE | 0.1% CE |
0 | 4.4±0.2aA | 4.4±0.2 aA | 4.4±0.2 aA | 4.4±0.2 aA |
60 | 4.4±0.1 aA | 4.2±0.1 aA | 3.3±0.4 bB | 3.3±0.1 bB |
a,b Different letters in a same row indicate significant differences between means at p<0.05.
A,B Different letters in a same column indicate significant differences between means at p<0.05.