Table 2 Listeria monocytogenes cell counts (Log CFU/cm2; mean±SD), recovered from raw beef surface with antimicrobial hydrogel 1 formulated with no antimicrobial, 0.1% grapefruit seed extract (GSE) or 0.1% citrus extract (CE)

Attachment time (min) Control Hydrogel 1 (5% alginate+1% chitosan+0.2% CaCl2+40% glycerol)
No antimicrobial 0.1% GSE 0.1% CE
0 4.4±0.2aA 4.4±0.2 aA 4.4±0.2 aA 4.4±0.2 aA
60 4.4±0.1 aA 4.2±0.1 aA 3.3±0.4 bB 3.3±0.1 bB
a,b Different letters in a same row indicate significant differences between means at p<0.05.
A,B Different letters in a same column indicate significant differences between means at p<0.05.