Table 1 Effect of different packaging methods on the pH and color of beef during storage at 4°C

Parameter /time (day) Packaging
WP MAP VP1 VP2 VP3 VSP
pH
   0 5.48±0.01A 5.48±0.01A 5.48±0.01A 5.48±0.01B 5.48±0.01A 5.48±0.01A
   7 5.41±0.02Bb 5.36±0.00Bc 5.42±0.00Bb 5.49±0.02Ba 5.38±0.01Bc 5.47±0.02Aa
   14 5.41±0.02Bc 5.47±0.03Ab 5.40±0.03Cc 5.52±0.01Aa 5.18±0.02Cd 5.40±0.03Bc
   21 5.24±0.01Dc 5.45±0.00Aa 5.06±0.01De 5.29±0.01Cb 5.14±0.05Cd 5.22±0.01Cc
   28 5.31±0.07Ca 5.23±0.06Cb 5.12±0.01Ec 5.24±0.04Db 5.01±0.09Dd 5.19±0.01Dbc
Lightness (L*)
   0 41.57±2.10 41.57±2.10B 41.57±2.10 41.57±2.10 41.57±2.10 41.57±2.10B
   7 41.97±0.95bc 44.16±1.03ABa 41.60±1.12bc 41.68±2.02bc 40.43±2.05c 43.64±1.32Aab
   14 40.79±0.78b 45.96±2.26Aa 42.19±0.73b 40.61±2.12b 40.81±1.20b 40.59±0.93Bb
   21 41.41±1.50bc 46.10±0.59Aa 42.66±2.05b 41.96±0.56bc 40.71±0.66c 41.10±1.45Bbc
   28 39.40±2.09c 45.46±3.03Aa 42.27±1.56b 41.43±1.21bc 40.57±1.57bc 39.37±1.80Bc
Redness (a*)
   0 22.30±1.45A 22.30±1.45B 22.30±1.45C 22.30±1.45B 22.30±1.45C 22.30±1.45B
   7 24.80±4.67Aab 27.35±0.59Aa 26.83±0.46Aa 25.65±1.46Aab 23.20±1.02Cb 27.30±1.06Aa
   14 12.67±2.31Be 20.58±1.18Bd 22.84±1.58Cc 24.62±1.70Abc 28.30±2.28Aa 25.18±0.67Ab
   21 15.29±1.95Bd 18.36±1.47Cc 24.79±1.37Ba 26.73±1.61Aa 25.84±2.18Ba 21.51±3.32Bb
   28 14.94±1.67Bc 7.95±1.72Dd 24.66±1.26Ba 22.34±2.07Ba 22.32±1.42Ca 19.76±2.73Bb
Yellowness (b*)
   0 18.72±1.06A 18.72±1.06A 18.72±1.06A 18.72±1.06A 18.72±1.06A 18.72±1.06A
   7 15.60±1.61Bab 16.93±0.80Ba 15.55±0.92Bab 14.20±1.11Bb 14.13±1.54Bb 16.55±0.51Ba
   14 11.80±0.79C 13.76±0.83C 11.95±1.01C 12.36±1.65C 11.72±1.81BC 13.42±1.09C
   21 11.47±1.01Cb 14.50±0.83Ca 12.94±1.62Cab 14.38±1.20Ba 12.92±2.50Bab 11.70±1.53Db
   28 11.56±1.03Cbcd 14.48±1.78Ca 13.23±1.13Cab 10.64±1.70Ccd 9.81±2.72Cd 12.56±1.64CDab
All values are means±standard deviation of three replicates.
A-E and a-e in the same column and row are significantly different (p<0.05), respectively.
WP, wrapped packaging; MAP, modified atmosphere packaging; VP1, VP2, and VP3, vacuum packaging with different vacuum films; VSP, vacuum skin packaging.