Table 3 The characteristics of participants according to metabolic syndrome status in Korean adults aged 19 years and over

Characteristics		Metabolic syndrome(n=5,818)	Non-metabolic syndrome(n=18,175)	p-value
Mean±SE
Age (yr)		59.34±0.17	46.79±0.12	<0.0001
Body mass index (BMI, kg/m²)		26.1±0.04	22.84±0.02	<0.0001
Energy (kcal/d)		1,836.33±10.16	1,919±5.81	<0.0001
Vitamin C (mg/d)		100.85±1.16	107.81±0.71	<0.0001
Egg consumption (servings/wk)		1.76±0.03	2.38±0.02	<0.0001
Calcium intake (mg)		473.59±5.02	498.69±2.47	<0.0001
Waist circumference (cm)		89.86±0.11	78.56±0.07	<0.0001
SBP (mmHg)		131.13±0.22	115.26±0.12	<0.0001
DBP (mmHg)		81.16±0.14	74.79±0.07	<0.0001
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)		112.38±0.41	93.13±0.13	<0.0001
TG (mg/dL)		201.46±1.73	109.29±0.60	<0.0001
HDL-C (mg/dL)		43.53±0.14	53.68±0.09	<0.0001
Percent (%)
Female		56.89	59.92	<0.0001
Alcohol intake	Non-drinker	20.52	12.32	<0.0001
	Less than once a month	33.31	32.91
	Once a month–less than heavy drinker	34.14	43.77
	Heavy drinker¹⁾	11.00	10.05
Smoking	Non-smoker	57.55	60.72	<0.0001
	Past smoker	13.61	11.54
	Current, <1 pack per day	8.75	11.43
	Current, ≥pack per day	9.11	7.91
Physical activity	Do not exercise/walk sometimes	48.40	45.78	<0.0001
	Regularly walk	28.91	29.27
	Regular moderate-level activity	8.70	8.14
	Regular vigorous-level activity	13.03	15.74
Education	Elementary school	46.41	21.40	<0.0001
	Middle school	13.92	10.62
	High school	21.91	29.85
	College or higher degree	16.90	37.39
Income	1^st (Lowest)	25.18	23.31	0.0014
	2^nd	25.32	24.39
	3^rd	23.98	25.39
	4^th (Highest)	23.53	25.17
Chronic disease status²⁾		35.84	8.61
Menopause		46.05	22.27
Survey year	2007	11.40	9.94	0.0049
	2008	21.97	23.37
	2009	25.13	25.72
	2010	20.25	20.48
	2011	21.26	20.49

All data represent means±standard error or number (%) of participants.
¹⁾ Heavy drinkers were those who consumed alcohol twice or more per week and had at least seven drinks per occasion (for men) or five drinks per occasion (for women).
²⁾ Those who were diagnosed with or taking medicine for diseases such as diabetes, stroke, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, chronic renal failure, and cancers.
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.