Table 2. Natural preservatives of animal origin

Examples	Sources	Bacterial target	References
Chitosan	Crustaceans and arthropods	Antifungal and antimicrobial activity	Ben-Shalom et al., 2003; Je and Kim, 2006; Liu et al., 2006
Defensin	Vertebrates and invertebrates	Bacteria, fungi, and virus	Ganz, 2003
Dermaseptin S4	Frog skin	Bacteria, fungi, and virus	Mor and Nicolas, 1994
Lactoperxoidase	Milk	Gram-negative and -positive bacteria	Russell, 1991; de Wit and van Hooydonk, 1996
Lactoferrin	Milk	Gram-negative and -positive bacteria, fungi, and parasites	Al-Nabulsi and Holley, 2005
Lipids	Milk, animal	Gram-negative and -positive bacteria	Isaacs et al., 1990; Lampe et al., 1998; Wang and Johnson, 1997
Lysozyme	Chicken egg whites	Gram-negative and -positive bacteria	Tiwari et al., 2009
Magainin	African clawed frog	Gram-negative and -positive bacteria	Zasloff et al., 1988
Ovotranferrin	Egg	S. aureus and E. coli	Ibrahim et al., 2000
Pleurocidin	Skin of winter flounder	Bacteria, fungi, and virus	Cole et al., 1997
PR-39	Porcine	Gram-negative and -positive bacteria	Shi et al., 1996