Table 2. Effect of different pre-treatment methods on amino acid profile of hot-air dried Hermetia illucens larvae

Traits	Raw	HD	HB	HR	HS	Reference value¹⁾
Histidine	35.79±0.51^a	30.70±0.44^cd	31.91±0.04^b	30.41±0.46^d	31.60±0.24^bc	15
Isoleucine	38.46±0.21^cd	40.39±0.32^a	39.83±0.20^ab	39.27±0.50^bc	37.53±0.51^d	30
Leucine	72.51±0.67^a	68.10±0.05^b	67.87±0.46^bc	67.49±0.17^bc	67.00±0.20^d	59
Lysine	81.92±0.60^a	77.20±0.31^b	78.03±0.52^b	75.79±0.01^c	76.84±0.65^bc	45
Methionine	19.36±0.64	19.92±2.21	18.76±0.58	18.10±0.51	20.46±1.06	22
Phenylalanine	43.98±0.95^a	38.80±0.06^b	38.67±0.69^b	38.37±0.23^b	38.22±0.38^b	38
Threonine	41.17±3.11	44.79±0.62	44.20±0.14	44.12±0.30	43.48±0.10	23
Valine	89.16±1.95^a	80.85±0.02^b	80.44±2.22^b	83.08±0.17^b	82.06±1.84^b	39
Sum of essential amino acid (EAA)	422.33±1.98^a	400.71±1.16^b	399.67±0.32^bc	396.59±0.31^c	397.16±1.27^c	277
EAA index¹⁾	1.46±0.01^a	1.40±0.02^b	1.39±0.01^bc	1.38±0.01^c	1.39±0.02^bc
Tyrosine	65.13±3.76^a	55.69±1.74^b	62.14±0.52^a	56.11±0.94^b	61.16±0.21^a
Asparagine	98.00±5.95	91.08±0.78	92.42±0.32	89.92±0.89	92.05±0.26
Serine	49.16±2.63	51.26±0.64	50.97±0.38	50.88±0.51	50.88±0.32
Glutamine	114.35±4.83^c	147.8±1.90^a	143.15±0.25^ab	145.17±0.31^ab	141.42±0.18^b
Proline	56.80±1.73^b	66.20±2.18^a	65.29±0.38^a	66.13±1.60^a	64.17±0.16^a
Glycine	62.28±1.54^a	56.54±0.83^b	56.15±0.72^b	57.92±0.47^b	57.00±0.63^b
Alanine	75.26±2.77^b	77.66±0.84^b	76.52±0.50^b	84.87±0.60^a	82.23±0.95^a
Arginine	56.73±1.65^a	53.11±0.11^b	53.73±0.60^b	52.47±0.66^b	53.98±0.49^b

All values are means±SD of three replicates.
Recommendation amino acid profile for adult of FAO et al. (1985).
Values with different superscripts within a row differ significantly at p<0.05.
Raw, non-dried insect; HD, hot air-dried insect without pre-treatment; HB, hot air-dried insect after blanching; HR, hot air-dried insect after roasting; HS, hot air-dried insect after super-heated steaming.