| Chemical-induced cognitive deficit animal models | D-Galactose induced mice | C57BL/6J (20-wk-old males) | Alzheimer’s disease | Lactobacillus pentosus var. plantarum C29 (Kimchi) | 1×1010 CFU/d/mouse for 5 wk | Improvement of spatial memory and non-declarative connecting memory functions | Y-maze Morris water maze Passive avoidance | (Woo et al., 2014) |
| C57BL/6J (8-wk-old males) | Alzheimer’s disease | Lactobacillus paracasei PS23 (Fermented milk) | 1×1010 CFU/d/mouse for 9 wk | Improvement of spatial memory | Morris water maze Open field | (Cheng et al., 2022) |
| ICR (males) | Alzheimer’s disease | Bacillus coagulans JA845 (Fermented pickle) | 1×109 CFU/d/mouse for 10 wk | Improvement of spatial memory | Morris water maze | (Song et al., 2022) |
| Aβ induced mice | ddY mice (10-wk-old males) | Alzheimer’s disease | Bifidobacterium breve A1 (Yogurt) | 1×109 CFU/d/mouse for 10 d | Improvement of spatial memory and non-declarative connecting memory functions | Y-maze test Passive avoidance | (Kobayashi et al., 2017) |
| C57BL/6J (8-wk-old males) | Alzheimer’s disease | B. breve NMG B. breve MY B. breve CCFM1025 B. breve XY B. breve WX (Human feces) | 0.6×109 CFU/d/mouse for 6 wk | Improvement of spatial memory and non-declarative connecting memory functions | Y-maze Morris water maze Passive avoidance | (Zhu et al., 2021) |
| Scopolamine induced mice | Swiss albino (Females) | Alzheimer’s disease | Lactobacillus rhamnosus UBLR-58 (Kimchi) | 1×109 CFU/d/mouse for 10 d | Improvement of spatial memory | Morris water maze | (Patel et al., 2020) |
| ICR (6-wk-old males) | Alzheimer’s disease | Lactobacillus johnsonii CJLJ103 (Human feces) | 1×109 CFU/d/mouse for 5 d | Improvement of spatial memory and non-declarative connecting memory functions | Y-maze Passive avoidance | (Lee et al., 2018) |
| LPS-induced mice | C57BL/6 (8-wk-old males) | Alzheimer’s disease | Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris LL95 (Mozzarella cheese) | 1×109 CFU/d/mouse for 7 d | Improvement of spatial memory | Sucrose preference Open field Forced swim | (Ramalho et al., 2022) |
| C57BL/6 (6-wk-old males) | Alzheimer’s disease | Bifidobacterium longum NK173 L. plantarum NK151 (Human feces) | 1×109 CFU/d/mouse for 5 d | Improvement of spatial memory | Y-maze, Novel object recognition | (Lee et al., 2021) |
| C57BL/6J, (8-wk-old males) | Alzheimer’s disease | Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL03 B. animalis subsp. lactis BI04 B. breve BB02 Lactobacillus acidophilus BA05 Lactobacillus helveticus BD08 L. paracasei BP07 L. plantarum BP06 Streptococcus thermophilus BT01 (Human feces) | 1×109 CFU/d/mouse for 15 d | Improvement of spatial memory Finding space well has the effect of reducing anxiety symptoms | Open field Plus maze | (Petrella et al., 2021) |
| Transgenic mouse models which have cognitive deficits phenotypes | SAMP8 mice | 9-mon-old (Male) | Alzheimer’s disease | ProBiotic-4 (B. lactis, Lacticaseibacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, L. acidophilus) (Fermented milk) | 2×109 CFU/d/mouse for 12 wk | Improvement of spatial memory and non-declarative connecting memory functions | Y-maze Passive avoidance | (Yang et al., 2020b) |
| Transgenic mouse models which have cognitive deficits phenotypes | AppNL-G-F mice | 6-8 mon old (Female) | Alzheimer’s disease | VSL#3 (L. plantarum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L. paracasei, L. acidophilus, B. breve, B. longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, and Streptococcus salivarius subsp.) (Yogurt, fermented milk) | 1.28x109 CFU/d/mouse for 8 wk | Finding space well has tde effect of reducing anxiety symptoms | Cross-maze rodent behavior | (Kaur et al., 2020b) |
| 6-8-mon-old (Female) | Alzheimer’s disease | VSL#3 (L. plantarum, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L. paracasei, L. acidophilus, B. breve, B. longum, B. infantis, and S. salivarius subsp.) (Yogurt, fermented milk) | 1.28×109 CFU/d/mouse for 8 wk | Improvement of non-declarative connecting memory functions | Passive avoidance | (Kaur et al., 2020a) |
| 6-mon-old (ND) | Alzheimer’s disease | Clostridium butyricum WZMC1016 (Milk and cheeses) | 0.2×109 CFU/d/mouse for 4 wk | Improvement of spatial memory | Morris water maze Object recognition | (Sun et al., 2019) |
| 6-mon-old (Male) | Alzheimer’s disease | L. plantarum ATCC 8014 (Fermented milk) | 1×109 CFU/d/mouse for 12 wk | Improvement of spatial memory and working memory | Spontaneous locomotor activity test Nest building, Novel object recognition Morris water maze Shuttlebox | (Wang et al., 2020) |
| 4-mon-old (ND) | Alzheimer’s disease | B. lactis Probio-M8 (Yogurt) | 2×1010 CFU/d/mouse for 45 d | Improvement of spatial memory and working memory | Novel object recognition Y-maze | (Cao et al., 2021) |
| 8-wk-old (Male) | Alzheimer’s disease | SLAB51 (S. tdermophilus, B. longum, B. breve, B. infantis, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. paracasei, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Levilactobacillus brevis [Yogurt]) | 4×109 CFU/d/mouse for 4 mon | Improvement of spatial memory and working memory and nondeclarative connecting memory functions | Open field Novel-object recognition Passive avoidance | (Bonfili et al., 2017) |
| 3xTg-AD mice | 12-wk-old (Male) | Alzheimer’s disease | Ligilactobacillus salivarius CUL61, L. paracasei CUL08, B. bifidum CUL20, B. animalis subsp. lactis CUL34 (Fermented milk) | 5x108 CFU/d/mouse for 12 wk | Improvement of spatial memory and working memory | Novel object recognition Open field | (Webberley et al., 2022) |
| 6-mon-old (Male) | Alzheimer’s disease | B. longum NK46 (Human feces) | 1x109 CFU/ d/mouse for 8 wk | Improvement of spatial memory and nondeclarative connecting memory functions | Y-maze Morris water maze Passive avoidance | (Lee et al., 2019) |
| 5xFAD-Tg mice | 3-mon-old (ND) | Alzheimer’s disease | B. bifidum BGN4 and B. longum BORI (Human feces) | 1x109 CFU/d/mouse for 30 d | Improvement of spatial memory | A contextual fear conditioning test Y-maze Morris water maze | (Kim et al., 2021a) |