| Chemical-induced cognitive deficit animal models | D-Galactose-induced mice | IP injection of D-galactose (100–120 mg/kg·bw/d) for 6 12 wk. | Cognitive impairment Mitochondrial dysfunction Neuronal degeneration Apoptosis Depression and anxiety | (Liu et al., 2021; Parameshwaran et al., 2010; Woo et al., 2014) |
| Aβ-induced mice | ICV injection of Aβ peptide solution (500 3,000 μg). Aβ peptide aggregation occurs within 3 28 d. | Cognitive impairment Aβ accumulation Neuronal loss | (Ali et al., 2015; Kobayashi et al., 2017; Kwon and Lee, 2020) |
| Scopolamine-induced mice | IP injection of scopolamine (1 1.5 mg/kg·bw/d) to mice could induce cognitive impairment within 1 h, but repetitive administration of scopolamine (once/d) is recommended during behavioral tests. | Cognitive impairment Neuronal degeneration Apoptosis | (Choi et al., 2021; Kim et al., 2021b; Yadang et al., 2020) |
| LPS-induced mice | IP injection of LPS (0.25 1 mg/kg·bw/d) in the abdominal cavity for 5–7 consecutive d. | Cognitive impairment Mitochondrial dysfunction Neuroinflammation | (Kamdi et al., 2021; Shoemark and Allen, 2015; Yang et al., 2020a) |
| ICV injections of LPS (2 12 μg).Cognitive deficiency due to neuroinflammation occurs 1 7 d after LPS injection. | Cognitive impairment Mitochondrial dysfunction Neuroinflammation | (Zhao et al., 2019; Zhou et al., 2006) |